by Stephen Hill
"If public media is to secure its future, it must be with the public."
SUMMARY
This paper presents a set of ideas for reforming both the online service models and the internal business methods of the public media system to allow it to adapt fully to the age of Internet media and digital distribution. It is timely because if fully realized it has the potential to more than replace all federal funding and make the public media system completely independent of political pressure.
It was written in 2010 as a response to the challenge of digital media and circulated privately to about 20 system leaders for comment and discussion. I'm posting an updated version on the Pubradio email list and my blog now because it has taken on added relevance in light of the current politically-motivated efforts to defund public broadcasting. The plan described here could render this potential loss of income irrelevant by replacing it with greatly expanded user support.
It proposes the creation of a national public radio/public media membership program, tied to a massively aggregated, personalizable online content distribution system that can deliver all public media content both at large network sites like NPR.org and PBS.org AND simultaneously to every station site, as well as those of potential affiliates, partners and supporters, and individual users on blogs and social networks.
Full access to the online system by end users and tangible support of the public media mission are the premium benefits of national membership, but all levels of engagement would be supported with various tiers of service.
The existing "channel conflict" between the stations and NPR (i.e. multiple competing delivery channels to the end user) is resolved by phasing in a rational revenue-sharing system that benefits all networks, stations, producers and affiliates appropriately, and gives all stakeholders positive incentives to work cooperatively for a successful outcome.
The philosophical "mission conflict" between free and paid services is also analyzed, and some nuanced solutions are described. I argue that "freemium" Internet business models are applicable to public media and will help it to grow and secure its future as a fully independent entity.
Finally, I identify some of the strategic and business advantages of aggregation — both of public media content and digital services, and of a "super-community" of public media users via a national membership that supports the overall public media mission itself.
I use the terms public radio and public media somewhat interchangeably. Public television could, and I believe should, be included in an integrated national membership + service concept. Joint licensees already bridge this 20th century media division by definition, and the trend toward native mixed-media formats online continues to erode this increasingly outdated distinction between media types.
I believe the time has come to speak openly about the "3rd rail" policy and money issues we have avoided for years. While the proposal may seem radical in scope, I believe it is both appropriate for today's media environment and completely practical, while grounded in the historic values of the public media system.
I apologize for the length. When you are re-imagining the core business relationships of an entire industry, you're obliged be as clear as possible and to touch all the salient points.
The key ideas are summarized below in outline form. Whether these ideas intrigue you or disturb you, strike you as wise or heretical, I hope you will consider the proposal and offer specific criticisms for public discussion.
:: Stephen Hill
[email protected]
Link to this post: Funding the Future of Public Media
Printable PDF (140k) : Funding the Future of Public Media.PDF
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SIX STEPS TO A USER-SUPPORTED PUBLIC MEDIA SYSTEM
FOR STAKEHOLDERS
1. Re-define the role and identity of stations as "locally-focused public media network nodes."
2. Extend the Public Media Platform to every station web site as a matter of system policy, so all public media content is available at every point of entry to the network. This can be as elegant as a single Public Media Player on mobiles or the web, or a full service embedded "site-within-a-site."
3. Re-align the financial relationships and incentives between networks, stations, content producers and affiliates so everyone has a stake in the success of the network as a whole.
4. Define a practical set of revenue-sharing policies between stations, networks, producers and affiliates. (For example: ultimately stations might not pay dues and program fees to NPR, but receive a net revenue share from it.)
FOR THE PUBLIC
5. Create a comprehensive set of free, voluntary and paid digital service models for the public as a means of attracting significant new revenue for the system.
6. Create a national Public Media Network membership for end users, with multiple tiers of service and access to premium digital services and archival content as benefits of paid membership.
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Since the arrival of practical Internet streaming in 1995 there has been endless discussion of the merits and demerits of various service plans and business models by which the public radio system could modernize itself for the multi-platform, multi-media world now arriving in all its glory. The Station Resource Group's landmark Grow the Audience report In January 2010 defined the issues and problems with clarity, set goals, and called for renewed systemwide cooperation to achieve them.
Yet the biggest roadblock to realizing the system's online potential was barely mentioned:
The public radio system's ability to respond to the digital challenge is handicapped by its legacy business relationships — most critically, between the stations and NPR.
I'm referring broadly to the existing political power blocs, business rules, products and services by which the three major public radio networks and the stations inter-operate. Some of them go back to 1970 and the formation of NPR; they evolved and matured into the current system during the 1980s and '90s, and despite the arrival of the Internet have remained largely static since.
This has caused what's known in the media business as a "channel conflict"— the networks and stations are economically co-dependent, but their long-term interests have drifted out of alignment during the Internet era because service is no longer geographically limited and there are now multiple delivery "channels" and services available to the end user.
On the one hand this pits the stations against the networks in a battle neither can win; on the other, it paralyzes real innovation by restricting the creation of new services and delivery options that would better serve the public and the public media mission.
With a handful of conspicuous exceptions, everyone in the system still operates mostly on their own with no common goals beyond the mission-level concept of public service and keeping the lights on at home. Rugged individualism: it's the American way, right?
In this case, wrong — or at least, inadequate. I believe that the traditional network/station business relationships are ultimately responsible for stifling necessary innovation online, and that there are rational and effective ways to both unblock the current stalemate and create positive incentives for change. With these innovations come a rich set of possibilities for major advances to service, user engagement, and system revenue.
CREATIVE DISRUPTION
Innovation-related issues like these are problems for mature industries facing "disruptive technologies" like the Internet, and were very effectively analyzed in 1997 by Harvard Professor Clayton Christensen in his book The Innovator's Dilemma. Christensen's ideas have been presented to public radio executives at conferences for many years, yet aside from general agreement that something needs to be done about this digital thing, little has changed in terms of core business practices or public-facing services once you get past the easy stuff.
What progress has been made has been limited to relatively easy, non-controversial, and largely technical innovations in podcasting, metadata (PBS Core), program auditioning and distribution (PRX and ContentDepot), modular web content distribution (NPR, Public Interactive) and most recently, public APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) leading to the Public Media Platform (a joint project of NPR, PRI, APM, PRX, and PBS) — along with ongoing collaborative efforts at program and news production.
This has largely been the story of the last ten years for public radio; veteran station manager Jon Schwartz summarized the issues elegantly on April 13, 2010 in a post titled "Challenge for Public Radio Stations" and subsequent posts on the Pubradio mailing list. (*There is no public archive for this private email list. With Jon's permission I've included a link to his post here .)
Many of you have contributed to these developments. Yea, They Are Good, Brothers and Sisters. But they are not going to be good enough. That's what Jon Schwartz was worried about and deep down, you know he's right.
Public discussions about new media strategies often degenerate into complaints about the cost/benefit equation for digital services. Todd Mundt's April 16th 2010 post on the PRPD blog takes a step beyond this and argues that this is where the audiences are and are going, and we have no choice but to follow them and "invest in digital platforms." He's right of course, but could this attitude be any more passive and reactive? It's going to take a lot more positive commitment than that to achieve real success with digital services.
Despite admirable progress at NPR to address some of these issues under the technically progressive management of Vivian Schiller (R.I.P. 3.09.11) and Kinsey Wilson, NPR still operates from a defensive position as it tries to innovate effectively online while dodging a constant stream of suspicion and criticism from stations. Alan Chartock's Pubradio post complaining about "in-program promotion of the NPR website" following Vivian and Kinsey's reply to Jon Schwartz last April is a typical example, as were Vivian's somewhat defensive comments at the 2010 D8 conference.
THE STATION PROBLEM
Station fears about the future are fueled by the persistence of "broadcast thinking" — a last-generation, zero-sum game played in a limited universe where for one player to win, another must lose. Clearly, in public broadcasting it's the stations who are most directly challenged by the existence of new digital networks. But the long term threat is from distribution technologies and media competitors who didn't exist ten years ago, along with the fast-changing habits and expectations of end users — not from other players within the public radio system.
Add to the business challenges inherent in a federated system like public radio with a station-controlled central network (NPR) the native issue of disintermediation the Internet creates for all legacy 20th century media businesses in the middle of the distribution chain (stations) and you have a recipe for very slow going and inadequate response during a period of unprecedented disruption, innovation and change in the media ecology. Pile on the possibility of CPB defunding and there's a lot for stations to worry about.
Let's just say it: "The station problem" (as it's been called) will never be resolved online without substantial changes to the way business is done between the principal stakeholders in public radio. Thankfully, we don't need some magical new "business model" to achieve this — there are plenty of them already. But they must be revised, developed and adapted to suit the new conditions:
We need new business policies that incentivize collaboration network-wide, so stations, networks and content producers all have a clear motive to participate, and a fair share in the financial success of the whole system.
For real success in the burgeoning digital ecosystem, we need a world-class online offering grounded in our core values, focused on public media content and fully comparable or superior to the best efforts of the BBC, commercial broadcasters, leading webcasters, and online news providers.
And to take advantage of social network effects and achieve Internet "scale" we need to aggregate our scattered supporters into a "super-community."
While over the air broadcasting is responsible for the bulk of current system revenues and online related revenues are still small, it should be obvious by now that no entrenched media organization can ignore the Internet "disruption." As Todd Mundt points out, this is where future audiences, growth and revenue are going to be, and we need both strategic and tactical planning to respond effectively.
THE ZEN OF DIGITAL NETWORKS
It's not just that it would be easier and more desirable if everybody in the system pulled together.
The tactical question for public media is how to adapt and change a system that was built for the monopoly era of local broadcasting and closed program distribution networks, and redesign it for the international scale, platform and format expansion, content abundance, audience fragmentation, and usage paradigms of the Internet era.
The digital listener/viewer/end user now has many other choices, and technology companies like Apple and Google that cater to them have the power to change how media is distributed and consumed in a few short years. (Facebook launched 2004; YouTube launched 2005; Twitter launched 2006.) As everyone has now realized, public media has no choice but to embrace the rules of this environment.
As the "meta-network," the Internet is setting the pace and much of the agenda. We have to adapt our culture and values to it — an easier task, but one made harder because broadcasting will remain a technically more efficient (though feature-limited) platform for large scale audio distribution for years to come, and will therefore coexist with Internet distribution and various hybrid solutions for a long time. But we are already living in a multi-media, multi-platform world, and the burning challenge for all legacy media is how to manage the transition.
If the requirement for the future is to be fully competitive with other major Internet media sites, the intrinsic nature of digital networks and the services they breed require a coherent brand identity, service model, value proposition and digital-network-level interaction with the public.
Lacking any long-range system evolution or transition plan, NPR (in cooperation with several other national organizations) has been obliged to try to fill the breach in these areas.
From its inception as a broadcast network, NPR has had a national audience. In the era of syndication via tape and later satellite, it had a minor international presence as well. On the net, NPR.org instantly had an international presence, just as other major media organizations like CNN, the BBC, the CBC, etc. Even niche web services like our Hearts of Space Archive now reach listeners and subscribers on every continent but Antarctica.
Digital networks have already ripped the lid off the limitations of broadcasting. With its global, interactive, on-demand, mixed-media capability, the Internet is a different order of network, and public media must respond appropriately or risk slow, inevitable decline. So what's appropriate?
PERSONALIZATION and BRANDING CONFLICTS
In traditional broadcasting, listeners and viewers are anonymous. Public stations have spent a lifetime trying to overcome this because converting the anonymous listener to a known supporter is critical for their financial survival.
Online the listener's location can be roughly defined by their IP address. If they create an account or register their identity with a digital service, the service can be personalized. It's taken 15 years, but most online users are now comfortable with the idea of registering with a site and submitting an email address to receive a more convenient, focused and personalized "user experience." Getting to "who are you?" has become much easier and more common online than it can ever be for radio or television, especially in the age of social networks.
The channel conflict problem for public broadcasting actually began with network-created programming. As a practical matter, from the start both NPR and PBS had no choice but to brand themselves as the source of the major programs they produced. It was standard broadcast practice; they could not know where their broadcast listener was located and had to establish direct feedback loops for comment. So listeners and viewers were gradually educated to understand the difference between local and network level content, which came to co-exist on most stations.
In the broadcast era the station was the sole point of contact with the listener. It wrapped its own branding under and around NPR programs and other network-sourced content. Listeners to these programs therefore developed a relationship with both the station and the network. If they related strongly to a particular NPR program, they might be more likely to weight the relationship toward the program itself, or perhaps to NPR as the source, but the loyalty relationship became more complex and unpredictable.
Online the problem is worse, because NPR also provides much of the digital delivery infrastructure and branding is visual as well as audible. As a result, when the plea is made for an NPR.org user to support their local station, the result is often confusion — especially in cities with multiple stations. NPR has made heroic efforts to square the circle here, but the request to financially support the local station makes little sense to purely digital users of NPR.org or NPR-distributed podcasts on iTunes: they are a "national" user, relating to a national media entity or program via a ubiquitous digital access technology.
Because of its pre-eminent programs, massive listenership, pervasive branding and advanced web site, online NPR.org will naturally tend to become one of the major points of contact with public media users, while the station will of course remain the point of contact for traditional broadcast listeners and a smaller number of online listeners looking for locally-focused content.
But the full potential of any digital public media service (or any complex web-based service) cannot be realized without personalization, which at minimum requires registration and a user account.
NPR has recognized this with its "NPR Community" feature, which now reportedly has 500,000 members. Stations may look at this as a Trojan horse; it immediately raises the issue of where and how the membership contribution will be handled. And without the kind of fundamental business policy changes I am advocating, it indeed has the potential to exacerbate the station/network channel conflict.
Today NPR sends users back to their local stations to donate,
but it would be far better for the business relationships in
the system to accommodate user engagement at any level,
and allow digital services to take their natural form in
scope, reach, inventory and usage.
TOUCHING THE 3RD RAIL
Online, the public media system must conform to the user's expectations, which have been and will increasingly be shaped by the rest of the online environment. Stations can continue to complain about network dominance in digital services, but
Online the battle for the user was lost from the start
because the direct-to-user relationship is embedded
in the ubiquitous nature of the digital network itself.
In practice, the program or subject matter is typically more important to the user than the delivery vehicle, whether network or station. They want their Morning Edition and All Things Considered, their Fresh Air and This American Life, and they care how it gets to them...not so much. Endless repetition of the network brand has had also its effect, along with confusion over the complex structure of the public radio network, all of which have escalated the long-simmering "bypass" issue: the network vs. station relationship with the user.
In the digital era, the solution to the "bypass" problem
is not to attempt to enforce legacy rules that lock down
the relationship with the end user at the station level,
but to redesign the way listener, underwriting, government
and institutional revenues are distributed within a more
integrated public media system.
This idea lands squarely on the "3rd rail" issue of system politics — who owns the user? — and scares the crap out of stations. Better to deal with the devils you know than consider such sweeping revisions to how the system operates on a business level. And in a world of declining revenues, it's always easier to simply cut staff or services to make it through the fiscal year.
To this fear I argue that for both practical and business reasons, it will be less painful and far more productive to pursue the course of internal business policy revision than either maintaining the status quo or pursuing dreams of greater external funding.
Say what? Yes, bizarre as it sounds after the recent salvo of defunding attacks from conservative Republicans, in the last five years there were actually some efforts to lobby Congress to "fully fund public media" by the Free Press and others. It was a longshot before and is almost laughable now. Moreover, in today's extreme economic and political environment, it is highly unlikely that any of the other sources of public media funding — foundation grants, institutional support or underwriting revenue — can be dramatically increased. For all these reasons —
If public media is to secure its future, it must be with the public.
THE PUBLIC MEDIA PLATFORM
One way to mitigate the tendency for the large public media network site or sites to dominate online usage would be to create a digital content distribution system that allows stations to offer everything that NPR.org and the other public media networks offer on their own web sites. This is the tantalizing vision offered by the Public Media Platform now being built.
But even when this platform is operational and content is widely shared, there will still be a struggle over where the user is "monetized" with a membership or donation, how national underwriting is handled, and where the money goes. This leads to the key business proposition of this paper:
In a fully developed digital public media system, it should make no difference whether a membership transaction occurs at a national or local entity or affiliate, OR whether usage occurs live or on-demand, over the air, via a local station web site, any mobile device, a podcast download, via NPR.org, or the sites or services of any other partner organization.
The membership supports the mission of the public media system as a whole — including all networks, stations, content producers, affiliates, sites and services.
THE PUBLIC MEDIA "SUPER-COMMUNITY"
Perhaps more significant in the long term
National membership defines and aggregates a new
"super-community" of public media users and supporters.
Today the most sacred business possession of any station is its membership database. To suggest pooling all memberships into a national super-group is therefore the deepest heresy, but that is what will be required to achieve real success on a location-indifferent (but still nationally focused) digital network.
By incentivizing membership in this meta-group and pooling existing members to start (i.e., if you are a member of a station, you would automatically become a national member with a defined class of benefits) public media gains the broadest possible financial base and business possibilities for the future, and positions itself to enjoy all the advantages of other emerging social networks, rather than atomizing its users into thousands of smaller groups.
Online media is shaping up as another battle of giants, but this time it will be dominated by technology and software companies, especially platform and ecosystem service providers like Apple, Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Verizon, AT&T, and Comcast — not the large content providers and broadcast networks who ruled late 20th century broadcast media.
By creating its own digital content distribution and monetization platform — an expanded, public-facing version of the PMP (let's pray it has a better acronym) and aggregating its loyal users into a super-community, public media will be in the best possible position to sustain itself in the digital ecosystem. Legendary Internet entrepreneur Mike Homer (Apple, Netscape, AOL, Kontiki, Open Media Network) made this exact point to us before his untimely death: "Online there is no reason for Public Media not to operate its own platform."
The harder question is how to achieve this. In mature industries with complex interrelationships, the process of change is necessarily disruptive and complex; Clayton Christiansen's research shows that focusing on optimizing the core service itself is the best way to avoid being sandbagged by entrenched stakeholders and discover the path to the future.
AGGREGATION REQUIRED
The key is aggregation of users, content, and platform resources.
Think about the 20 biggest or most frequently used web sites you visit. I'm willing to bet that 19 of them have aggregated something into a workable "meta-application" that delivers a valuable product or service you could not access at all before, or could not pull together yourself without a lot of work. (I'm not referring to the kind of opportunistic content aggregation practiced by parasitical news sites, though the fact of their popularity proves my point.)
The power of aggregation is many-sided: content, convenience, cost, usage, audience size, longevity, and increased possibilities for underwriting, user engagement and community-based network effects are just the main benefits. Online, size still matters. Yet at the same time, the extreme efficiency and low marginal cost of online distribution allows previously uneconomical small services to survive and prosper modestly, and in the case of public media, to maximize public service.
Whether the aggregation is URLs on Google, social contacts on Facebook, professional contacts on LinkedIn, classified ads on Craig's List, short messages on Twitter, popular music on Pandora, photos on Flickr, videos on YouTube, or the contents of everyone's garage on Ebay — to be successful at scale online you have to aggregate something into a practical service, and you have to make it easy and fulfilling to use.
Aggregation power and the user experience are the alpha and omega
of web service value.
BUSINESS MODELS
Online business models are intimately related to the online service models they monetize. 20th century public broadcasting had to think about these issues at its inception in the 1960s and 70s; online we have to think about them again, as they are still in a formative state.
For a network of stations that depend on voluntary user contributions for more than 50% of their revenue on average, it's astonishing that public broadcasting has accepted that only a minor fraction of its users (famously but arguably 9 to 11%) will actually pay for the service when asked.
Worse, the old messages about the "uniqueness of this kind of broadcasting" increasingly do not apply. There's plenty of other public media content out there, along with vastly increasing amounts of distracting audio and video and news content that complicate and atomize the patterns of media consumption.
While free-to-air local delivery made the voluntary support model inevitable, Internet delivery of radio and television programming (like the cable systems that established the practice) opens up the possibility of a more diverse set of service models with a range of price/value relationships — so-called "tiers of service" — free, underwritten, paid voluntarily, and premium paid memberships or subscriptions with additional benefits.
On the web these tiered business/service models are called "freemium." Wired editor Chris Anderson wrote a book about it in 2009 called Free: The Future of a Radical Price. This business strategy is remarkably similar to public broadcasting: the free (usually ad-supported) service attracts all the interested users, who are upsold a membership or subscription with some kind of benefit, or cross-sold a related product or service. This often gets rid of the ads, or on public broadcasting, would eliminate the fundraising pleas.
But here the strategies diverge: before streaming, public stations gave away their service and were obliged to ask for voluntary support from geographically limited audiences. Online, users can be anywhere, levels of service can be open or limited as matter of design and policy, and those who chose to pay for premium levels of service partially underwrite the cost of providing the free service to the others. (I say partially because NPR and public stations as well as other not-for-profit and commercial media entities often have multiple revenue streams.)
SERVICE MODELS
The post-Internet service model issue is that even with its last remaining content monopoly — audio news and information — public radio still does not offer a comprehensive, massively aggregated, tiered online service to end users. What we have instead is an ad hoc system which forces users to interact with multiple sites, accept a lower level of service on the air and on less developed station sites, or — for a minority of net-savvy users — allows the public to harvest a chaotic crop of free online services with much more effort.
This is obviously not an optimal experience for users, but the most damaging consequence of the situation is that by failing to offer a comprehensive, integrated, user-focused service online, public media is missing the biggest opportunity since it was created to adapt and secure its future in the digital world.
For public radio and all of public media it comes down to
how to provide a higher level of user value online,
and get back increased financial support.
Whether this support is voluntary or "priced-in" is a matter of policy and how the public media mission is interpreted. Branding issues, Internet delivery economics, and the the need for personalization all argue that tying higher levels of online service to some kind of national system-level membership is both desirable and necessary; but even if this solution is not adopted, at the very least the goal should be to increase the percentage of users that support the system financially well beyond the current levels.
When I describe an aggregated public media service to average end users as "An expanded, personalized one-stop service for all public radio/video/mixed media content — all shows, all episodes, all archives, and all related services, all available to you on every connected device wherever you are" — everyone says the same thing:
"Sure, I would pay for that. It would be worth it."
This is a rough description the BBC iPlayer for BBC content. It would also describe a public-facing version of the Public Media Platform that is now being created via the technical device of a "public API" that opens up access to public media content to approved partners under a simplified set of licensing rules. Former NPR CEO Vivian Schiller had begun to talk about this in interviews (D|All Things Digital; Wired; Vimeo.com; Nieman Lab).
What I am advocating here is a strategy for monetizing this platform long term that is consistent with the realities of 21st century digital networks, cognizant of the long-term needs of public media stakeholders, and not hobbled by business disincentives or funding limitations.
WHAT USERS WANT
Here we get to the heart of the "user value proposition" for the post-Internet era: to get people to support public media service financially — whether voluntarily or by any kind of fee for service — you must aggregate and package much more value in one place than 20th century stations ever could, while making it almost as easy to use as conventional radio and television.
Instead we have a kind of online chaos in public media. There are hundreds of free live streams and an increasing amount of on-demand content on almost a thousand different web sites, all with different user interfaces and partial or overlapping collections of content. Specific content requires a generic search engine to find. If found, it's often confusing and inconvenient to use. Browsing can be difficult and "discovery" of related content is very limited, when it should be a core design goal of an effective system.
To help, there are embedded recommendations, plus some software tools and directory sites that aggregate links to the many source sites and arrange them in a somewhat more convenient user interface. There's PublicRadioFan.com, a free online link-farm for public radio; there's the Public Radio Player iPhone app, which allows users to hear a selection of national shows and local station streams from around the system. No doubt the PMP will move the ball forward another notch. Isn't that enough?
Perhaps for some. Efforts now underway to centralize national underwriting for buyers and syndicate it to stations may ultimately be able to support these balkanized services remaining free indefinitely. Clearly, this is less than ideal for users; but in my view the biggest problem with the limited service, partially aggregated status quo is that it fails to harvest all the goodwill and financial support possible from public media's users for the benefit of the system as a whole.
From the end user's point of view, you want what NPR.org has stopped just short of becoming: a single user interface to all public radio/interactive media content, that knows who you are, greets you like a friend, supports relevant social relationships, knows what you value, and gives it to you when, where and how you like best.
This is an updated version of the public media "portal" concept that Mark Fuerst and others proposed around 2004. Whatever your position on the merits of the idea, it failed to gain traction in public radio because of opposition by stations, who saw (and continue to see) the growth of NPR.org or any national aggregator as the worst kind of disintermediation: competition from within the family.
THE THEOLOGICAL PROBLEM: MISSION CONFLICT
The most intractable inhibiting prejudice to the creation of any premium fee-for-service plan is what Dennis Haarsager memorably called "the theological problem" — the idea that to be "mission-authentic," public service content must be free.
This belief is a kind of purism, a creed that's proving increasingly difficult to adapt to the complex, multivalent world we actually live in. It is the source of "mission conflict" when applied to digital services.
Without a doubt, free service is a core value of public media — as long as you can pay the cost of providing it, and the overall mission of the network and its component entities can be sustained. Ideological advocates of free service tend to overlook the fact that once you get past conventional broadcast delivery, NPR.org and a handful of major station web sites, the level of free service begins to decline rapidly due to funding, personnel and infrastructure limitations. The PMP will help this, but
What we really need long-term is a sustainable, independent service that is not vulnerable to political manipulation nor starved for revenue and forced to operate below its potential — a plausible description of the status quo.
A more subtle kind of tradeoff occurs when substantial amounts of advertising or underwriting are required to support free service: these include revenue shortfalls, some loss of editorial freedom, aesthetic and ideological objections to commercial promotions, and narrowing of the difference between public and commercial broadcasters. Public television today increasingly exemplifies these compromises.
STATION IDENTITY IN THE DIGITAL NETWORK ERA
If you accept the premise that aggregated, personalized free and paid online services to massive numbers of geographically distributed end users is the natural long-term evolution of the move to digital — how does public media get from here to there? How can the conflicting interests of hundreds of stations and other institutions of widely different size, financial power, community values and cultures be integrated into an expanded, user-focused service model?
Fully developing and integrating public media network assets into a single platform, membership pool and multi-faceted service does not mean that stations would become less relevant, less important, or in any way subservient to NPR or the other national networks. But they will have to evolve: online, every station web site has the potential to be an entry point to the entire world of public media. This new online benefit of national membership is what stations would be promoting in addition to their local services.
Historically, most NPR stations gained a key part of their identity and relevance from their association with their public radio source networks and national programs, while adding localization and listener interaction to the overall cultural "signal" they send to their communities. This critical set of programming choices and local activities remains under station control in a more integrated system, but can be greatly expanded in scope, reach, inventory, and usage in the digital network era as broadcast limitations are left behind.
If we redefine the station as a "locally-focused public media network node" that retains a transmitter for free local service, it is still 100% responsible for its public personality, programming mix and editorial voice, while its inventory of network content and the reach and "findability" of its own content are greatly expanded through its affiliation with a powerful engine for distribution, delivery and monetization of digital media to and from its network partners and end users.
As intelligent nodes on the public media network, stations are no longer constrained by the scarcities of broadcasting. They can be part of the NPR/Public Media brand identity AND enjoy a far less limited presence for their own programming.
It's a two-way relationship: the station web site is itself a gateway to the larger network, and the station is also an active node that can create programming, interactive presence, "eyes on the ground" news coverage, social and cultural reporting for the network. This two-way relationship is one of the unique strengths of the federated public radio network, and while we use it today for routine news reporting and special projects, it can be considerably extended to all kinds of digital content.
Vivian Schiller and many others have observed that this powerful combination — a group of strong central content-creation and distribution networks tightly integrated with hundreds of intelligent local nodes working together to optimize service to the end user — is the key asset that public media should be leveraging aggressively to secure its rightful place in the digital future.
REDESIGNING THE BUSINESS
All well and good in theory, but today stations and networks are still locked into an increasingly archaic rivalry.
The limiting issues are money and the end-user relationship. Stations battle any attempt to pull listeners away from their brand on-air or online, while NPR and the other content creation networks are constrained in their ability to follow digital network service models to their logical conclusion. As a result,
The only effective solution to "who owns the end user?"
is the whole system.
In practice this means that it should not matter if a user's point of interaction with the system OR their membership is at the local or national level, with a content provider, an intermediary, or a distribution network: the membership revenue would be shared between the network and the local nodes via an equitable system that accounts for their respective contributions to acquiring that revenue.
The same concept can be applied to some other sources of system revenue. As members of a revenue-sharing system, stations ultimately could also benefit financially from their share of of underwriting, endowment, global syndication and any other high-level revenues.
I realize these ideas will sound absurd or heretical to traditionalists as they virtually flip established practice on its head. The revenue-sharing policies will take care and time to define. If you are skeptical about this, recall that it took many years and much negotiation for the system to create the business policies and practices that underlie the current public media economy. Clearly a plan like this would have to be phased in intelligently over a number of years.
But consider the downside of the status quo:
NOT reforming the underlying business relationships will continue to inhibit significant progress online.
NOT creating a truly competitive service online means that revenue, audience share and public service will be eroded as other media entities, unburdened by these restrictions, compete with public media entities online for attention, services, and underwriting/advertising dollars. If this sounds far-fetched in the current climate of slightly rising on-the-air radio listenership, recall that it has already happened to public television on the cable networks.
NOT reforming virtually guarantees that public media will not capture its share of the support dollars of Gen X and Y and other empowered digital natives.
NOT creating an unshackled system will mean that whatever partial or incoherent service mix ultimately emerges out of the current slouch toward digital Bethlehem will be a shadow of what might have been, and a once-in-50-years opportunity to establish a more substantial public revenue base for public media will have been lost.
NOT becoming fully independent of Federal government funding puts the journalistic independence of public media news at risk and threatens the weakest in the system.
REVENUE PROJECTIONS
The plan I've outlined above depends on offering a premium web service via both network and station portals to end users who are willing to pay for unrestricted access with their memberships. Yes, this is "mission heresy," but before you object, let's do the math:
With only 250,000 new members paying $10/month ($120 per year, $35 a year less than Sirius/XM), the system would pull in almost $30 MILLION in new revenue every year.
With 1,000,000 new national members, revenue rises to $120 MILLION every year.
With 3,000,000 national members at this level, we're into serious money: $360 MILLION in digital revenue every year from this source alone — exclusive of national and regional underwriting, which can be greatly increased in such a system. That's more than the Kroc bequest and far beyond the $100 million or so the public radio system currently receives each year from CPB.
As you can see, the revenue multiplies very quickly due to the recurring nature of the transaction.
For you mission purists: think about the kind of free public services can be offered with this level of funding.
Sirius/XM already has over 20 million subscribers paying 30% more than this each year. Some public media users say they would be willing to pay more. Does anyone doubt that public media as a whole can do far better when the call is to support the entire system?
CONCLUSION
The fundamental reason to build a comprehensive aggregated online service is to be able to serve the public better than any of the existing delivery options. In that respect, all these ideas are "mission-positive."
With this kind of service comes the opportunity aggregate sufficient resources to remain competitive with the large players in the burgeoning digital media ecosystem, and to secure new revenue for the entire public media system. But this requires revising the current station-network business relationship to unblock innovation and provide the necessary incentives via a fair revenue-sharing system that benefits networks, stations, content producers and affiliates appropriately.
I celebrate its history and its romance, but we have to leave behind the isolated "radio station" metaphor and its geographically limited, preformatted service-for-some, along with the current chaotic welter of multiple web sites, user interfaces, content and programming, and
To address the native issues of online service models directly via a tiered, system-level membership program with real benefits.
To optimize service online we must maintain user profiles, and provide users what they want, when and how they want it.
To optimize revenue for the system, we must maintain user accounts linked to online payment gateways for episodic and recurring transactions: credit cards, PayPal, Google Checkout, and any newly emerging forms of online transaction processing.
The goal is a comprehensive, tiered public media service that serves the end user the way they like best, on any screen or digital platform, wherever they are. In practice this means a range of interactivity, from passive listening on fully programmed channels, to customized on-demand service, to intensive interaction for high level user requirements.
This multi-level service model implies that both traditional stations and the large network portals reconfigure themselves around the end user's needs and preferences, and continue to serve existing broadcast listening habits while fully supporting next-generation patterns of media engagement.
I do not underestimate the difficulty of realizing the kind of changes I call for here. We are now moving constructively toward many of the supporting standards and distribution technologies necessary to deliver it; but without corresponding innovations in the way we do business — both among ourselves and the public — we will never enjoy the full potential of the digital network revolution.
I recognize that station managers in particular have every right to be skeptical of theoretical income projections for unbuilt and untested types of service, and will be reluctant to give up policies that, though limited, uncertain or declining, are still delivering operating revenue for them.
No one can fully answer these objections. I hope I've made the case that the lack of positive revenue associated with public media online operations to date is due to their lack of a unified vision and incoherent, disaggregated, haphazard deployment. Build a service that offers all this and leverages the extraordinary goodwill the system receives from its users, and it will be a very different story.
Much will depend on how and how well the ideas I have presented here are executed and delivered in the form of timely, practical user-facing services. In particular, the many issues surrounding revenue-sharing policies promise to consume every ounce of shared mission commitment and cooperation before they are resolved. And a project of this scope and magnitude will still have to be phased in very carefully over a number of years, with transition funding to prevent financial disruption to marginal stakeholders.
Yes, it's daunting and unpredictable, but there is one thing I can say with absolute certainty: If we don't create these policies, build these services and try them, we will never know.
:: Stephen Hill
Hearts of Space
14 March 2011
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My thanks to those who reviewed earlier drafts of this paper and contributed ideas and criticism. To those who didn't respond and still resist confronting these issues: Please don't wait until we're burning the furniture. Now's the time.
:: SH
Stephen Hill is producer and host of the nationally syndicated ambient music program Hearts of Space. He was the 5th employee of KQED-FM, San Francisco in 1971 and has been an independent producer since 1973. The national program launched in 1983 and is still heard on over 200 public stations. From 1984 to 2001 he was president and producer of the independent record label Hearts of Space Records. In 2001 after the arrival of practical internet streaming, he launched an early subscription streaming service, the Hearts of Space Archive, which experience has provided most of the insights in this paper. He blogs at Spatial Relations.
March 23, 2008 at 11:35 am
Couldn’t agree more with your conclusions, but the premise needs this comment: one of the big reasons the “diffusion rate” of new technologies is getting faster is the switch to increasingly efficient and ephemeral technologies.
To illuminate the difference at its most extreme: establishing telephone and electricity required massive investments in poles, wire, a network of switching stations, generators, and the like. Cost? Billions.
Diffusion of radio and television also required very large infrastructure investments, and the adoption of consumer hardware that was initially expensive and took 25 years to become cheap, even longer to become portable. Cost? Also billions.
Mass diffusion of PCs required not only a substantial end user hardware investment that has also taken over 20 years to ameliorate, but ensnares the user in a technology and user interface learning curve that still has not been completely removed as a source of friction, and now occurs along generational faultlines. Cost? Again, billions.
Establishing MP3 players was achieved via lightweight software downloads to existing desktops over an existing network; after the “MP3 jukebox” player concept was established, portability of the player functionality was achieved by marketing an easy to use consumer electronics device weighing a few ounces at “popular” prices. Cost? Tens to low hundreds of millions.
So each innovation builds on a technology foundation adopted mastered by previous generations of end users, and each becomes lighter, easier, and cheaper — and therefore faster. Q.E.D.
The one adoption curve that is not illustrated here is ubiquitous wireless Internet access. That sucker is not behaving according to the rule, because it requires both technology innovations like WiMax, and a new, very expensive infrastructure.
March 23, 2008 at 1:13 pm
Agreed. It’s almost Old Testament in its appeal — this begat that, and so on. You can definitely see how the bottom half of the chart set the stage for the top half.
You could also say the chart shows, especially in the last couple of decades, a move from hardware and physical objects to software and intellectual property or virtual objects. It’s not like the notion of packaged media was revolutionary when the DVD arrived on the scene — that was just a mashup of consumer video tape and the audio CD (or LaserDisc).
I think the delay in the development/deployment of WiMax (or similar technologies) is driven by several factors, not the least of which is the chicken-and-egg principle (if I can call it that). Sure, there are other difficulties like the physics of radio wave propagation and such. But if I’m sitting at Sprint, trying to decide where to invest, do I noodle around the edges and make more money from my existing customers, or do I make a bold play for an unproven “next gen” technology that will, as you point out, cost billions to develop and deploy? Go safe or go risky? Hmmm. Well, no one every got fired for buying IBM…
In that respect, I think the truly revolutionary technologies — the disruptive ones, the ones we don’t immediately understand — take either truly revolutionary leadership or a groundswell of market demand to appear. And that’s just plain rare. To me, there’s only 5 revolutionary technologies on that chart, and that’s probably being generous.
Perhaps that’s one of the things that irritates me most about public media’s intransigence in the face of an innovating media marketplace. It’s not that the technologies themselves are prohibitively expensive, nor are we being asked to invent the wheel without ever having seen anything round. The models are all around us and the technology costs are falling through the floor. The risks of innovation today are low. The risks of avoiding innovation, however, are high and rising.
Lord help us (in public media) if WiMax or its cousins really do reach a point of virtual ubiquity in the next 5 years.
March 24, 2008 at 3:35 am
Good points - so bottom line we are seeing an acceleration based on layers of supporting infrastructure.
As well as the infrastructure - we are seeing an acceleration based on user experience. For instance in banking thew idea of banking away from the branch started with ATM’s, then telephone banking, then online. As we all get more used to doing important things online such as banking and shopping - it becomes easier to accept that we do all things online.
As I type this, one of the great gadget dinosaurs of all time - my wife is watching YouTube videos - she has become entranced by the fact that she can find what she wants when she wants - if pub radio/tv was to make her experience easier - she would jump.
The preconditions for a “Tip” are here. I think that most of the base is in existence even for behaviour - so now convenience will be the key.
The Wifi is I think less of an issue than making it easy to find and share good stuff. But if there is another route to mass Wifi, that would help.
How about this? Most stations are owned by universities that have long distance pipes that connect the trunks. What if each station started an Open Source Wifi/Wimax project - where it was the hub and we all as “listeners/Viewers - added Merakis to cover the community?
Then the cost would be distributed and hence low. The Pipes would be protected from the Big Guys as we would use the University net instead of Verizon etc?
Could be a project that would pull the nation together in a new way - a new wave for democracy?
March 24, 2008 at 12:29 pm
Hmmm… Universities could potentially play a role, although not every community has a university. But if the development of the Internet is any cue, universities can definitely play a role here. Though started by the Department of Defense, the academic community really built out the Internet and turned it into an important communications medium.
Today, academics have access to Internet2 and are still innovating, though mostly it’s bandwidth development with a few minor innovations.
The one thing I hope our innovators remember is the lesson of HD Radio vs. WiFi (or insert your favorite tech references here). HD Radio was developed in secret and the technology is owned by a single company that charges out the wazoo for licensing. WiFi is an industry standard held in trust by the IEEE and developed over time by a consortium of companies that, while competing, agreed that a standard was better than no standard.
Or how about this idea… What if public media companies developed — wait for it — public media? We have towers and RF experience. Why not participate with our communities to develop two-way wireless communications services in the public interest?
March 24, 2008 at 12:45 pm
I love this idea John
A few of us thought of this 3 years ago and it has never left me - think of all those towers and repeaters - then think of all your listeners/viewers - surely this is enough real estate to be the foundation of a great project that pulls us all together
March 24, 2008 at 12:45 pm
PS we have the satellite system too - I am no techie but there is a pony here somewhere
March 24, 2008 at 3:59 pm
You gents are smoking way too much public media crack.
Anybody who has made even a cursory attempt to follow the various efforts to establish municipal Wi-Fi networks over the last five years now recognizes the extreme difficulty in launching new network infrastructure designed for public use — even when based on highly efficient new technologies like WiMax that are designed to be backward-compatible with the established base of Wi-Fi transceivers in existing laptops. Think billions (again)…which Sprint was projected to invest in its national WiMax network.
Anything that requires new consumer hardware to work (c.f. HD Radio, satellite radio, smart phones, etc.) requires major investments from the consumer electronics giants to have a prayer of overcoming the friction of the adoption curve, and it had better be at mass-market prices and be driven by absolutely compelling new applications that fill basic needs, like email, voice communication, and text messaging. And as the iPhone demonstrates it needs a user interface that’s better than sex. Niche media alone is nowhere near powerful enough to drive adoption of new hardware.
The one media propagation model that has succeed in the last few years is integrated hardware/ software/ web services, notably by Apple in the case of the iPod/iTunes player/iTunes Media Store, and by Microsoft with the Xbox, where the new hardware is part of the integrated ecosystem. Think hundreds of millions…
The last time anybody in niche media even partially succeeded at this was AUDIBLE.com who in 1997-99 were first into the spoken word niche with an integrated hardware/software/web service model. They went though many changes but survived and recently sold out to Amazon, who seem to have recognized the power of the integrated model with the Kindle, and for whom the acquisition of Audible was a good fit since Amazon serves niche markets and audiences of all kinds. Now we’re still at hundreds of millions.
However, even the BBC with their billions of government funding yearly can’t fully apply this model: the BBC Player is a software download that uses existing computer and mobile hardware.
This is the future for niche media. From the Wikipedia profile of Audible:
Public Media will do fine if it just leverages the new technologies and IP network infrastructure now in place — something it is clearly NOT doing effectively enough now. Let the RF transmitters age and die with dignity and focus development efforts where they matter. The days when public media could command its own dedicated spectrum are a relic of the bandwidth scarcity era for media, now over. And any scheme that depends on proprietary hardware is DOA.
:: SH
March 24, 2008 at 5:02 pm
Stephen — I was really thinking on a smaller scale. In my market — Anchorage — there was an abortive attempt to do municipal WiFi last year. It died when the commercial vendors that signed a deal backed out at the last minute. They figured out there wasn’t enough money in it.
I actually don’t think that our existing tower infrastructure, even peppered with WiMax gear, could get the job done in our area or most metro areas. WiMax or its successors is much more likely to piggyback on the cellular system and cellular towers, which are sprinkled across the landscape.
But on a smaller scale, on the WiFi scale, what if we, a public media company, partnered with our host community government and deployed hotspots across the city and managed that infrastructure in the public interest? I think that’s an idea worth exploring, especially if the capital funds are covered by grants and the operating costs are covered by ad revenue or minimal subscription fees.
I do NOT think we should develop technologies out of thin air and wait for folks to show up. Others have suggested to me we use the “extra” DTV bandwidth and sell it off for rented distance education services, data services, etc. That’s crazy talk — it requires the development of technologies that are parallel to existing tools and would be used by the tiniest of niche markets.
And, sorry to say it, but the tremendous offer made by Mike Homer — the Open Media Network — is great as an infrastructure service, but is a bad idea from a player perspective. How many media players do I have to download and use? Who’s going to keep developing and redeveloping the player for new platforms? That was a great gift, but it was a gift that made sense for about 5 minutes in technology terms.
So I’m with you, Stephen — we gotta be smart about this and not try to invent our own technology ghettoes (a la HD Radio). But at the same time, we also have to dream big. Let’s blend off-the-shelf technology with true public service notions that the commercial space won’t touch.
March 24, 2008 at 8:08 pm
I’m all for thinking big, and a number of us in the PSP working group attempted to do exactly that to conceive some kind of solution that would work for all the current and future stakeholders of an expanded public media system — one that included a broader coalition of non-profit organizations as well as existing broadcasters.
Net result? We understood the potentials and the problems better, launched a few ideas that stuck (like the ‘Public Media’ handle, for example) but we were not successful in getting any uptake at all from the system power centers, even as a demonstration project. So pardon, me, but now when I hear someone say “dream big,” I have to recognize the nature of the public media incumbents. See Calling the Game.
So nationally the prognosis is not promising. If you are talking strictly about a local project, sure.
IF all the local stars aligned, IF the money was there when it needed to be, and IF there were solid unfulfilled needs being fulfilled, it might have chance. How long it would take to design, build, launch and get traction is a large, open question. Public media companies are not in the infrastructure management or (at this point) network development business. When you talk about “managing that infrastructure in the public interest” I see a lot of red flags flying over a giant minefield.
But if I generously assume you got past those challenges and the project was wildly successful, it would certainly get noticed by other local players in the public media system, and could have some influence on the development of similar projects elsewhere. That’s the best-case scenario.
On a national/international level, I do not think anything important can or will happen without a common platform to organize the key functions of a better public media system: increased public access via on-demand service, modular downloads, archives, great searchable interfaces, more high-quality public media content, aggregation of traffic in a way that makes appropriate advertising viable, appropriate support for user-generated content and social relationships, subscription (aka membership) support, and critically — an underlying revenue-sharing business model that benefits all the stakeholders — talent, producers, stations, networks, service providers, and most of all…the public.
What public media professionals are supposed to be good at is program selection and production, and providing a community service around high level shared values. This technology and infrastructure creation stuff is way off the competence map, and unless we miraculously get good at it real fast, it just makes more sense to focus on improving content and expanding service, and providing a first class user relationship. That means using existing and emerging standards and making full use of the online platforms already available.
I had a conversation with Mike Homer two years ago where he observed as a business matter, Public Media was not obliged to share its users with the operators of a larger platform, like Yahoo, AOL, GooTube, or any other. We could, he said, operate our own platform online, just as we originally did in traditional broadcasting. While theoretically that is still the case, I’m pretty sure the moment of opportunity is, if not past, receding from view at an increasing rate.
Sorry if I sound cynical about this stuff, but as you can see, there are reasons for it.
March 24, 2008 at 10:42 pm
Stephen — No need to apologize! Any cynicism you share is hard-earned through efforts to work within the system. I was disappointed to see nothing really come of the PSP idea myself. The PSP was presented at the first IMA I attended and I was genuinely excited — it sounded to me like there were some real thinkers in the system and after a bit of wrangling we’d be on our way. Oh, well.
As for infrastructure stuff, I was definitely thinking on a purely local scale. And it comes from the notion that we already operate some infrastructure in the form of broadcast TV and radio towers/transmitters. Some of us also have repeaters and translators. So we already operate complex infrastructure in the public interest. Yes, a WiFi project would extend our reach into a new medium with a totally different model, but I think that would be good for us. The nature of being a media company today cannot be constrained by a single tower site and a single frequency setup in a one-way fashion — our engineering capacity needs to morph just as the media technologies do.
Money? Well, that’s another matter. But you wouldn’t start such a project if you didn’t know whether you could finish it. And considering the dollars that always seem to be available for capital projects in nonprofit land, I’d be surprised if the seed money couldn’t be gathered if the value proposition is sufficient.
In any case, based on your comments and what I’ve seen at IMA and in talking with others in the industry, I’m rapidly coming to the conclusion that successfully fulfilling our missions as local media companies (the stations, not the networks) will require localized strategy and action. Waiting for some CPB marching orders to come down from on high, telling us exactly what to do and how to do it is nonsense. Conversely, national success (for PBS, NPR) will have to be achieved at the national level with national scale — not while waiting for the stations to green-light only the projects that aren’t “threatening” to the status quo of locals.
Success for the “system,” it seems to me, will only come when national and local entities agree to disentangle themselves and develop new strategies based on the new economic world we find ourselves in. There’s too much history and too many conflicting purposes for us to all go forward together in harmony.
Well, now *I* sound cynical! But I don’t really feel that way. I still believe we have opportunity here. Do we have the right leadership to pull it off? Ask me again in six months. By then, I’ll at least know about my own company.
March 25, 2008 at 12:34 am
Ideally, there should be both — a viable national strategy and successful local initiatives tailored to the specific community and its needs.
Certainly the opportunities are many, and I hope you figure out the one(s) that’ll work for your community.
:: SH
March 25, 2008 at 2:15 am
Sorry so late back in but the time difference and my farmer’s hours!
I am in a way with both of you. Stephen - the platform is the key and the more open the better or the more accepted - go where the people are.
iTunes, YouTube etc I think are essentials.
But I also think there is an opportunity to act locally to spread Wifi - now how this has been attempted to date as a single provider with a revenue based business model but as a network of users who mesh their coverage for all with the station as the cheer leader.
Rather than plan a lot for the whole system - too much inertia - why not act locally as a start?
I think that trying to get all to move is impossible.
March 25, 2008 at 11:45 am
That’s a fine vision, Rob, but I don’t see how it can work technically.
The current 802.11x standard for Wi-Fi has a deliberately limited range. Once you get outside of Manhattan densities (i.e., everywhere else), even if you could propagate the new hardware needed to create a real “mesh network,” the coverage map would have more holes than swiss cheese.
The kind of network effect based on coordinating distributed service users you are talking about is essentially a description of the P2P networks.
They are asynchronous and global and based on software using existing hardware, which overcomes most of the structural problems. But even these networks have difficulty dealing with infrequently used content and real-time delivery, and require shoring up by conventional unicast content delivery mechanisms to be reliable. They work best for mass media where there are plenty of peered users.
The vision of local users banding together to acomplish something could also be done via specialized social networks using the existing IP infrastructure. That’s what social media toolsets like NING are designed to accomplish.
Sorry, but I have to conclude that trying to use FM transmitters, with or without Wi-Fi, for purposes like these is as misguided as HD Radio. We have a flexible (pseudo) mesh network called the Internet. We are nowhere near using it to its potential for public media.
:: SH
March 25, 2008 at 4:24 pm
I am just an ignorant historian Stephen - you are very patient with me - I bow to your knowledge - but the ignorant part of me hopes for better.